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Engineer monitoring wastewater treatment systems at illuminated control panel with digital displays and operational gauges

&nbsp;America’s Water Infrastructure Is Under Cyberattack— And This Is an Operational Issue, Not Just an IT IssueThe FBI and EPA have issued a warning to U.S. water and wastewater utilities following cyberattacks against internet-facing operational technology.Since July 27, 2026, incidents have been reported by utilities in at least seven states. The FBI specifically identified internet-exposed Rockwell Automation/Allen-Bradley MicroLogix 1100 and 1400 programmable logic controllers (PLCs).Attackers gained remote access and changed PLC IP addresses and passwords, causing operators to lose monitoring and, in some cases, control of equipment. The FBI reports that operational consequences have included loss of water pressure and flooding. At least one affected organization also identified discrepancies in PLC ladder logic.For controls engineers, programmers, integrators, utility managers, and municipal leaders, the message is important:A PLC should not be treated like an ordinary internet-connected device.The FBI has not publicly identified the specific protocol or vulnerability used for initial access. However, these controllers support industrial Ethernet communications, and the MicroLogix 1400 can support EtherNet/IP, Modbus TCP/IP, DNP3 over IP, and an embedded web server depending on configuration.Utilities should therefore know exactly:• Which PLCs are reachable from external networks • Which Ethernet services and protocols are enabled • Whether inbound connections are exposed • Who is authorized to modify PLC configurations and logic • Whether firewall and access-control rules restrict communications to known systems • Whether cellular modems and remote-access paths are properly secured • Whether known-good PLC programs and configurations are backed up and validated • Whether operators can safely transition to manual operation • Which controllers are approaching or beyond end-of-life supportThe FBI and EPA's primary recommendation is straightforward: remove PLCs from direct public internet exposure. Remote access should be mediated, authenticated, monitored, and controlled through appropriate security architecture.Water cybersecurity is no longer simply an information-technology concern. When cyber access reaches operational technology, a digital intrusion can become a physical infrastructure event.Protecting America's water systems requires cybersecurity professionals, PLC programmers, engineers, operators, integrators, manufacturers, regulators, and utility leadership working from the same operational-security framework.Critical infrastructure deserves critical-infrastructure-grade protection.

America’s Water Infrastructure Is Under Cyberattack

Engineering team conducting river survey with surveying equipment at water's edge during daylight fieldwork

Most of us think that more rain = more water.But new research suggests it's not that simple.For years, precipitation (rain and snow) has been one of the primary ways we measure the effects of climate change on water resources. However, researchers at the Weizmann Institute of Science argue that a better metric is water yield.Water Yield = Precipitation − EvapotranspirationIn plain English:💧 Water In = Rain and snow☀️ Water Out = Water that evaporates or is absorbed and released by plants back into the atmosphereThe difference between the two is the water that's actually available for our rivers, lakes, groundwater, agriculture, and drinking water.Here's why this matters:Imagine two regions each receive 40 inches of rain every year. If one region loses much more water to heat and plant activity, it may have far less water available—even though rainfall is identical. Logical right?&nbsp;As our climate warms, regardless of how this is actually occurring on the earth for now, evaporation and plant water use are increasing in many parts of the world. That means some areas could experience declining water availability without seeing a significant decrease in rainfall.This shifts the conversation from simply asking:"How much did it rain?"to asking the more important question:"How much water actually remains?"Understanding this distinction helps us better predict droughts, manage reservoirs, protect ecosystems, and plan for the future.Sometimes, it's not about how much water falls from the sky...it's about how much stays.

Beyond Rainfall: Why Water Yield May Be the Most Important Climate Metric You've Never Heard Of

Expansive power plant interior showing massive turbines, pipes, and engineering infrastructure with workers in safety gear

When people hear news about power plants, coal mines, renewable energy projects, or environmental regulations, most think the conversation is only about energy.But there is another critical resource involved in nearly every energy decision made in America:Water.Whether you support fossil fuels, renewable energy, nuclear power, or an all-of-the-above approach, one fact remains true:Modern energy production depends on water, and modern water systems depend on energy.That connection is often called the water-energy nexus, and it affects every household, business, farm, and community in the country.<h3>Why Is Water So Important to Energy?</h3>Most people are surprised to learn how much water is involved in producing the energy we use every day.Water is used to:Generate steam in power plants Cool power generation equipment Extract and process coal Produce oil and natural gas Refine fuels Manufacture hydrogen Produce biofuels Support mining operations for energy minerals Generate hydroelectric power Manufacture batteries and solar panels In simple terms, energy often needs water to be produced.At the same time, water systems need energy.Every time you turn on a faucet, flush a toilet, or take a shower, electricity powers pumps, treatment plants, distribution systems, and wastewater facilities.Water and energy are not separate systems.They are deeply interconnected.<h3>The Wyoming Example</h3>Recently, the EPA proposed revising a federal plan that would have required closure of the Dave Johnston Unit 3 coal-fired power plant in Wyoming.Supporters of the proposal argue that keeping the plant available helps maintain reliable electricity as demand continues to grow, while preserving jobs and economic activity in the region.Others continue to emphasize the importance of environmental protections and visibility requirements under the Clean Air Act.Reasonable people can disagree about energy policy.However, one reality often gets overlooked:The discussion is not only about coal.It is also about water.Coal mining, power generation, environmental compliance, emissions controls, cooling systems, and wastewater management all involve significant water considerations.Whenever a power plant closes, opens, expands, or changes operations, there are often impacts on local water use, wastewater treatment requirements, infrastructure planning, and long-term resource management.<h3>What Most Americans Never Hear About Produced Water</h3>One of the largest water challenges in the United States comes from oil and gas production.For every barrel of oil produced in many regions, multiple barrels of water may also be brought to the surface.This water, commonly called produced water, contains salts, minerals, hydrocarbons, and other constituents that must be managed safely.Across America, billions of gallons of produced water are handled every year.Historically, much of this water has been disposed of through deep underground injection.Today, researchers, engineers, regulators, and companies are increasingly exploring ways to treat, recycle, reuse, and recover value from this water.Why?Because water is becoming more valuable.Growing populations, industrial demand, drought concerns, and aging infrastructure are forcing communities to think differently about water management.<h3>Energy Demand Is Growing</h3>Another factor driving these discussions is rising electricity demand.Artificial intelligence, data centers, manufacturing growth, electric vehicles, semiconductor production, and population growth are increasing pressure on the electrical grid.Regardless of political affiliation, most Americans agree on a few basic expectations:The lights should stay on. Electricity should remain affordable. Water should remain safe. The environment should be protected. Infrastructure should be reliable. Balancing all of those goals simultaneously is not easy.That is why debates surrounding power plants, transmission systems, water treatment facilities, and environmental regulations have become increasingly important.<h3>The Bigger Question</h3>The question facing America is larger than any single coal plant, solar farm, wind project, or natural gas facility.The bigger question is:How do we provide reliable energy while responsibly managing our water resources?There is no single answer.Different regions have different needs.Wyoming's challenges are not the same as California's.Texas faces different water and energy realities than New York.But every state shares the same fundamental challenge:Reliable energy requires water.Reliable water requires energy.<h3>Why This Matters to Everyone</h3>Most people only think about water when they turn on a faucet.Most people only think about electricity when the power goes out.Yet both systems operate every minute of every day behind the scenes.The decisions made by regulators, utilities, lawmakers, engineers, and communities today will influence:<ul><li>Energy reliability</li><li>Water availability</li><li>Infrastructure costs</li><li>Economic growth</li><li>Environmental outcomes</li><li>Household utility bills</li></ul>Whether discussions involve coal, natural gas, nuclear energy, renewables, or emerging technologies, understanding the water-energy connection helps us have a more informed conversation.Because in the end, water and energy are not competing priorities.They are partners.And the future of one will help determine the future of the other.Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), "EPA Proposes to Save Vital Coal Plant in Wyoming and Continue Production of Reliable Energy," June 4, 2026.

The Hidden Connection Between Water and Energy: Why a Wyoming Coal Plant Matters More Than You Might Think

Twin Lakes In The Methow Valley From The Air

La Grande, Oregon — October 2025Union County is officially in the grip of a state-recognized drought emergency, declared by Oregon Governor Tina Kotek on August 4, 2025, through Executive Order 25-18. This decision followed a local emergency proclamation by the Union County Board of Commissioners in response to alarmingly dry conditions across our region.According to the latest Oregon Water Conditions Report, more than 50% of Union County is experiencing Severe Drought (D3), while the rest remains under Moderate Drought (D1) status. Reservoirs like Phillips Lake are well below normal storage levels, and streamflows in the Grande Ronde River and its tributaries have dipped significantly, falling below 10% of normal in some areas.<h3>Who is Affected Right Now?</h3>👨‍🌾 Farmers &amp; Ranchers The agricultural backbone of Union County is bearing the brunt. With irrigation allocations reduced or unavailable, farmers are facing shortened growing seasons, stressed crops, and limited hay production. Ranchers are already selling off livestock due to poor forage conditions and rising feed costs.🌽 Private Well Owners &amp; Rural Communities In outlying areas not served by La Grande’s municipal system, private wells are beginning to feel the pressure. Lowered water tables and increased drawdown have led to intermittent flow issues and dry wells in certain zones.💡 Natural Ecosystems Rivers and creeks are warmer and shallower, threatening local fish populations. Cold-water species like salmon and steelhead are unable to migrate or spawn in current conditions, putting long-term fish populations at risk. Riparian zones are also shrinking, affecting birds and terrestrial wildlife.🚒 Emergency Services The wildfire risk has escalated dramatically. Union County is now operating under high fire alert status, with dry forest and range conditions increasing response demands and hazard exposure.<h3>What Happens If This Continues?</h3>The long-term implications of this drought are sobering:🐟 Fish &amp; Wildlife Collapse Without adequate streamflows, fish kills will become more frequent. Migratory birds and deer may be pushed into more urban areas or suffer from food and water scarcity.🌾 Agriculture Contraction If conditions persist, more farmers will be forced to idle fields or leave the profession entirely. Crop diversity will decline. Local food systems may see shortages or price spikes.⛰️ Groundwater Overuse With surface water unreliable, pressure shifts to groundwater. Over-extraction can lead to aquifer depletion, land subsidence, and legal conflict among water right holders.🚛 Development Pressure New homebuilding and commercial expansion may be slowed or blocked due to water scarcity, especially in rural zones. Property values could decline in at-risk areas.🌍 Environmental Degradation Drought accelerates forest die-off, reduces carbon sequestration, and contributes to local warming, creating a self-reinforcing feedback loop.<h3>Where Do We Go From Here?</h3>Union County must lean into climate resilience strategies. This includes:<ul><li>Expanding water reuse and conservation technologies.</li><li>Supporting farmers in drought-adaptive crop choices and soil health.</li><li>Investing in municipal and rural water infrastructure upgrades.</li><li>Restoring natural systems to buffer ecological damage.</li><li>Enhancing community awareness and preparedness.</li></ul>La Grande and Union County residents may not all feel the impacts today—but the signs are clear, and the consequences will grow more visible over time. It’s time to prepare, adapt, and respond collectively.Resources &amp; Further Information:Oregon Drought Dashboard: https://apps.wrd.state.or.us/apps/WR/drought_dashboard/ Union County Updates: https://unioncountyor.gov/ U.S. Drought Monitor: https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu &nbsp; Prepared by: Aetervaja, Public Benefit Nonprofit Mission: Advancing sustainable water innovation for humanity first, community and ecosystem health.

Union County Faces Deepening Drought Crisis in 2025: What It Means for Our Community

Earth planet with city lights in the dark side

Water is one of the most essential and misunderstood resources on Earth. We drink it, grow food with it, generate power from it, and build communities around it. But in many parts of the world—including right here in the United States—water is becoming harder to manage due to drought, population growth, and climate change.Luckily, we’re not flying blind. NASA has developed powerful satellite tools that help us see and understand how water moves across the landscape. These tools don’t just watch rivers or clouds—they can tell us how wet the soil is, how much groundwater lies beneath our feet, and how fast water is leaving plants and soil through a process called evapotranspiration.This post explains how three of NASA’s Earth observation missions—SMAP, GRACE-FO, and Landsat 8/9—help communities, farmers, utilities, and governments make smarter water decisions.<h3>&nbsp; 1. SMAP – Mapping Soil Moisture from Space</h3>SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive) is a space-based moisture meter that scans the Earth every few days to measure how wet or dry the top layer of soil is.Why It Matters:<ul><li>Farmers can plan irrigation more efficiently.</li><li>Emergency managers get better wildfire and flood risk data. (Shout out to our hardworking Wildfire responder buddy Larry in La Grande, OR!)</li><li>Meteorologists improve weather predictions. (What's harder to predict than weather?)</li></ul><h3>2. GRACE-FO – Detecting Hidden Water Changes</h3>GRACE-FO measures changes in Earth's gravity field to estimate underground water, snow, and surface water.Why It Matters:<ul><li>Water managers across industries can track groundwater loss.</li><li>Policymakers (local &amp; state especially) use it for sustainable water policy.</li><li>Scientists or interested parties measure long-term water trends. &nbsp;<h3>3. Landsat 8 &amp; 9 – Measuring Evapotranspiration and Vegetation Health</h3>Landsat satellites track how much water is leaving the landscape through evapotranspiration.</li></ul>Why It Matters:<ul><li>Farmers monitor crop water needs.</li><li>Water agencies understand usage patterns.</li><li>Conservationists identify stressed vegetation. &nbsp;<h3>What This Means for You!</h3>Whether you're a student, farmer, planner, human or simply water-curious, NASA Earth observations:<ul><li style="">Helps homeowners conserve water</li><li style="">Support smarter farm decisions</li><li style="">Improve local drought management</li><li style="">Influence national and global policy</li></ul></li></ul>Aetervaja is planning on working to bring these tools into hands-on use with modular water reuse systems and smart dashboards for agriculture. NASA satellites are helping all of us make better water decisions. Thank you NASA Scientists, Researchers, Leaders and Funding that makes this all possible!<h3>&nbsp; References</h3><ul><li>National Snow and Ice Data Center. “Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Data.” NSIDC.org. <a href="https://nsidc.org/data/smap" data-mce-href="https://nsidc.org/data/smap">https://nsidc.org/data/smap</a></li><li>NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. “Water Storage.” GRACE-FO.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<a href="https://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov/science/water-storage" data-mce-href="https://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov/science/water-storage">https://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov/science/water-storage</a></li><li>Senay, G. B., et al. “Evaluating Landsat 8 evapotranspiration for water use&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;in the Colorado River Basin.” Remote Sensing of Environment, 2016.</li><li>Kim, Y., et al. “Global estimates of daily evapotranspiration using SMAP&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;surface and root-zone soil moisture.” Science of the Total Environment,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2023.</li><li>Drought.gov. “Groundwater and Soil Moisture Conditions from GRACE&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Data Assimilation.” https://www.drought.gov/data-maps&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;tools/groundwater-and-soil-moisture-conditions-grace-data-&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;assimilation</li><li>NASA Science. “Landsat Missions.” <a data-mce-href="https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/" href="https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/">https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/</a></li></ul>

Seeing Water from Space: How NASA Satellites Help Us Understand and Manage Water in a Changing World

Aerial view of modern water cleaning facility at urban wastewater treatment plant. Purification process of removing undesirable chemicals, suspended solids and gases from contaminated liquid

IntroductionWastewater treatment is essential for protecting public health and preserving the environment. As of 2025, treatment methods encompass a broad spectrum of technologies, ranging from conventional municipal systems to innovative, decentralized, and industrial-specific solutions. These methods can be categorized into six core strategic stages, which encompass the majority of treatment approaches used globally.Core Categories of Wastewater Treatment1. Preliminary TreatmentDesigned to remove large debris and grit, this initial stage protects equipment and optimizes downstream processes. Common methods include bar screens, grit chambers, and flow equalization basins.2. Primary TreatmentThis stage targets the removal of settleable solids and floating materials through sedimentation tanks and skimming. Chemical coagulation may be added to enhance removal efficiency.3. Secondary (Biological) TreatmentUsing microbial activity, this stage removes dissolved organic matter. Techniques include:- Activated Sludge Process- Trickling Filters- Lagoons- Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs)- Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBRs)- Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)These biological processes are widely adopted due to their efficiency in reducing organic pollutants and are supported by regulatory frameworks such as the Clean Water Act in the United States (EPA, 2025).4. Tertiary (Advanced) TreatmentThis stage polishes the effluent by removing remaining nutrients, pathogens, and micro-pollutants using methods such as:- Sand/Media Filtration- Reverse Osmosis- UV Disinfection- Activated Carbon- Nutrient Removal SystemsAdvanced treatment processes are increasingly important for addressing emerging contaminants, including pharmaceuticals and personal care products (EPA, 2025).5. Sludge Treatment and DisposalBiosolids produced during treatment are thickened, dewatered, stabilized (e.g., anaerobic digestion), and safely disposed of or reused (e.g., land application or composting). The EPA has highlighted concerns regarding contaminants like PFAS in biosolids, emphasizing the need for careful management (EPA, 2025).6. Emerging and Innovative StrategiesIn response to environmental, economic, and technological shifts, newer methods are being integrated, including:- Constructed Wetlands - Nature-based systems using plants and microbes.- Electrocoagulation - Uses electrical current to destabilize and remove contaminants.- Algae-Based Treatment - Algae assimilate nutrients while producing oxygen and biomass.- Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) - Oxidize persistent organic pollutants using powerful oxidants.- AI and IoT Systems - Enable real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and smart automation.These innovative approaches are gaining traction, particularly in regions seeking sustainable and cost-effective solutions (UNESCO, 2025).Other Context-Specific and Specialized ApproachesThough the six categories above encompass most global practices, several additional systems are used based on geography, application, or innovation stage:<ul style="list-style-type: square;" data-mce-style="list-style-type: square;"><li>Decentralized/On-Site Systems (e.g., septic tanks, composting toilets, bio-digesters)</li><li>Natural Systems (e.g., soil percolation fields, aquaculture-based treatment, mangrove systems)</li><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: calc(18px * var(--body-fontSize, 1)); font-weight: inherit; font-style: var(--body-fontStyle, normal);" data-mce-style="font-family: inherit; font-size: calc(18px * var(--body-fontSize, 1)); font-weight: inherit; font-style: var(--body-fontStyle, normal);">Industrial-Specific Treatments (e.g., zero liquid discharge systems, heavy metal recovery)</li><li>Experimental/Future Technologies (e.g., microbial fuel cells, photocatalytic degradation, forward osmosis)</li></ul>The adoption of these systems often depends on local conditions, regulatory environments, and resource availability (ASCE, 2025).ConclusionAs of 2025, global wastewater treatment is largely structured around six core strategies. However, the diversity of environments, economic resources, and industrial needs leads to the use of various complementary, decentralized, or experimental systems. Ongoing innovation continues to shape the landscape, with sustainability, circular economy goals, and digital technologies playing increasingly central roles.Contact Aetervaja Water to help us help you with the most common sense and economical solution!&nbsp;References:1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Clean Water Act Methods Update Rule 22 (2025).2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Addressing Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater Systems (2025).3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Draft Sewage Sludge Risk Assessment for PFOA and PFOS (2025).4. UNESCO. United Nations World Water Development Reports (2025).5. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). 2025 Infrastructure Report Card: Wastewater.

Global Wastewater Treatment Strategies: A 2025 Overview

Aetervaja, Inc.

Public-benefit, 501 (c)(3)nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing water, energy, and environmental stewardship through research, education, strategic partnerships, and sustainable innovation.

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Industry Insights

America’s Water Infrastructure Is Under Cyberattack

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Global Wastewater Treatment Strategies: A 2025 Overview